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Digital skills for FAIR1 and open science are a cornerstone of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC)’s operations and future. An EOSC network of skilled professionals is essential to bring a culture change for sharing research outcomes, and to empower individuals and institutions to develop and maintain EOSC competences, skills and capabilities. The EOSC Skills and Training Working Group (WG) was formed in 2020 to identify a framework for building competence and capabilities for EOSC.

Las zonas polares, principales responsables del clima de nuestro planeta, están sufriendo cambios drásticos en su naturaleza debido a su alta sensibilidad al cambio global, que afectan directamente a la dinámica climática, oceanográfica y ambiental de latitudes extrapolares. El presente libro pretende dar una visión integral y multidisciplinar del estado del conocimiento de las zonas árticas y antárticas: su evolución geológica, los acuciantes problemas de contaminación de estos territorios, la caracterización de los diversos ecosistemas terrestres y marinos, así como la evolución pasada y futura del clima polar. El objetivo final es explicar, de forma clara y amena, las similitudes y diferencias entre ambos polos y concienciar sobre las alteraciones que están sufriendo debido al cambio global. Asimismo, se dan a conocer las investigaciones, de gran relevancia científica y social, realizadas por el personal científico y técnico del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), acercándonos a la historia y situación actual de la investigación polar en España

Decades of ocean surface vector wind (OSVW) data acquired from space-based radar scatterometry have been providing short and long-term researches and applications information about ocean surfaces. The main objective of the project, stands and metrics of ocean surface vector wind by space-borne microwave remote sensing, of Working Group on Calibration and Validation of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS WGCV) , is to develop the standard and guideline for the requirement, procedure, processing and assessment for the spaceborne radar scatterometer measurement calibration, wind retrieval approaches, wind data validation and assessment for OSVW, which will be used to assure the consistency of the data quality of these satellites and instruments are the prerequisite for related scientific researches and applications. This synthesizes calibration, standardized practices of retrieval approaches for ocean surface winds, development of guidelines/standards of validation of ocean surface winds, and identifying and organizing collocation related data. This presentation will provide an overview of the project and the recent progresses

Las zonas polares, principales responsables del clima de nuestro planeta, están sufriendo cambios drásticos en su naturaleza debido a su alta sensibilidad al cambio global, que afectan directamente a la dinámica climática, oceanográfica y ambiental de latitudes extrapolares. El presente libro pretende dar una visión integral y multidisciplinar del estado del conocimiento de las zonas árticas y antárticas: su evolución geológica, los acuciantes problemas de contaminación de estos territorios, la caracterización de los diversos ecosistemas terrestres y marinos, así como la evolución pasada y futura del clima polar. El objetivo final es explicar, de forma clara y amena, las similitudes y diferencias entre ambos polos y concienciar sobre las alteraciones que están sufriendo debido al cambio global. Asimismo, se dan a conocer las investigaciones, de gran relevancia científica y social, realizadas por el personal científico y técnico del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), acercándonos a la historia y situación actual de la investigación polar en España.

Este documento recoge los aspectos técnicos relativos a los formatos y sistemas de intercambio de información entre las diferentes instituciones del proyecto Corrientes Oceánicas y Seguridad en el MedioMarinO(COSMO)

Pocas áreas geográficas de nuestro planeta son tan fascinantes y, a su vez, tan desconocidas como las regiones polares. Su gran interés científico reside en el importante y decisivo papel que juegan en la dinámica y el futuro de nuestro planeta, especialmente en el actual contexto de cambio global, ya que las regiones polares son los grandes y principales motores reguladores del clima de la Tierra. Los drásticos cambios que están sufriendo en respuesta al aumento de temperatura, ocasionado por el incremento en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero como consecuencia de las actividades humanas, están afectando directamente a la dinámica climática, oceanográfica y ambiental, tanto de los propios polos como de latitudes extrapolares. Este libro de fotografías persigue mostrar la belleza de estas regiones tan remotas a la par que proporcionar una visión integral y multidisciplinar del estado del conocimiento de las zonas polares, remarcando las semejanzas y diferencias entre el Ártico y la Antártida. Especialmente, busca concienciar a las nuevas generaciones sobre la importancia y vulnerabilidad de las regiones polares. Además, pretende resaltar la necesidad de una investigación enfocada a comprender y evaluar su papel en el futuro incierto de nuestro planeta en un contexto de transformación derivada del cambio global actual.

This paper presents the implementation of the Land Contri- bution Ratio (LCR) methodology for the pencil-beam scat- terometer QuikSCAT, with the aim of improving the coastal sampling of the retrieved winds. This methodology is pre- sented with two different models of the Spatial Response Function (SRF): the analytical model and the parameterized one, which is based on a pre-computed Look-up-Table (LUT) of SRFs provided by the Brigham Young University (BYU). Furthermore, a method to characterize the slice σ0 noise (Kp) is presented and compared to the noise information provided in the full resolution QuikSCAT files. The preliminary results show that despite the overall consistency between the two SRF models, their discrepancies may induce LCR differences up to few percent. Furthermore, the Kp estimated by means of the slice Normalized Radar Cross Section (σ0) is different from the Kp provided in the files, while such differencies are larger for certain slices and wind conditions. Such discrepan- cies can impact the wind field retrievals and, as such, should be further investigated.

An assessment of the noise affecting the QuikSCAT Normalized Radar Cross Sections is carried out in this study. The estimation of Kp ( ^Kp) is compared to the median of the Kp values ( ~Kp) provided in the Level 1B Full Resolution (L1B) file with orbit number 40651, dated 10th of April 2007, and the main differences are discussed. A sensitivity analysis aiming at assessing the presence of any dependencies with respect to (w.r.t.) different wind regimes, the kind of scattering surface, the scatterometer view and the polarization of the signal is carried out. In addition, the presence of any biases is assessed and discussed. Finally, a theoretical distribution model is proposed and validated against the true measurements. The main outcomes of this study demonstrate that H-Pol measurements are noisier than those V-Pol and that the noise lowers with increasing levels, in line with the expectations. Furthermore, ^Kp may largely differ from ~Kp, especially for the peripheral slices w.r.t. to the footprint (egg) centroid. In particular, the Kp values provided for the slices with indices 0 and 1 seem to be overestimated, while the opposite happens for those with indices 6 and 7. In addition, the ^Kp values estimated over the sea surface are lower than those estimated without making any distinctions among the scattering surfaces. This trend is not seen for ~Kp, for which the differences are almost absent. In addition, ^Kps relating to aft acquisitions do not differ from those relating to fore ones. Furthermore, some inter slice biases up to 0.8 dB are present for H-Pol acquisitions while they are up to 0.3 dB for V-Pol ones, in both cases increasing with the relative distance between the slices, in line with the general Geophysical Model Function (GMF) sensitivity as a function of incidence angle. These biases have a non at trend w.r.t. the acquisition azimuth angle for both polarizations. These small variations may be due to the changes in wind speed and direction sample for each bin. The theoretical model proves to be effective. It can be used both for simulation studies and for checking the accuracy of the noise.

In the context of the ocean surface vector wind virtual constellation, the combined wind products from the ongoing operational scatterometers will unprecedentedly increase the spatial and temporal coverage of remote sensing winds, and ease the development of gap-free sea surface wind data of high quality and high spatial/temporal resolution for a variety of applications, including a better marine forecasting and monitoring. However, systematic differences do exist in the wind products derived from different scatterometers, which may result in detrimental impacts in these applications. Therefore, the difference between the retrieved winds from C- and Ku-band scatterometers is further explored in this paper. In particular, sea surface temperature (SST) effects, quality control and high wind sensitivity of both C- and Ku-band scatterometers are analyzed, with the objective to better understand the sources of the inconsistencies, and to provide the wind users with support and recommendations in terms of wind applications.

The novel Correlated Triple Collocation (CTC) analysis allows to assess three different data sources of similar spatial resolutions, but with two of them being correlated. In this study, the CTC was applied to estimate the unbiased random errors of the global soil moisture (SM) data provided by two L-band satellite missions —the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)— and one numerical model —the ERA5-Land. The three existing SMOS SM products distributed by different research institutions were also analyzed. Preliminary results revealed that errors of SMOS and SMAP SM are correlated, with correlations of ∼0.5–0.6. Thus, only ERA5-Land can be considered as independent. The lowest error was obtained for SMAP (0.025 m3m−3), followed by ERA5-Land (0.036 m3m−3). Among the SMOS SM, SMOS-IC had the lowest error (0.046 m3m−3), SMOS- BEC showed an intermediate value (0.048 m3m−3), and SMOS-CATDS had the highest error (0.055 m3m−3).

The ERA* stress-equivalent wind (U10S) and stress vector product version 1.0 is a correction of the ECMWF Fifth Reanalysis (ERA5) output by means of geo-located scatterometer-ERA5 differences over a 3-day temporal window, in which the combined sampling of the Advanced Scatterometers on board the Metop satellite series (ASCAT-A, -B, and -C) and the SCATSat-1 scatterometer (OSCAT2) have been used, for the year 2019. ERA* can correct for local, persistent NWP model output errors associated with physical processes that are absent or misrepresented by the model, e.g., strong current effects (such as WBCS, highly stationary), wind effects associated with the ocean mesoscales (SST), coastal effects (land see breezes, katabatic winds), PBL parameterization errors, and large-scale circulation effects, e.g., at the ITCZ.

The present document is the Product User Manual dedicated to the content and format description of the ERA star stress-equivalent wind vector (U10S) and wind stress product. This is the primary document that users should read before handling the product. It provides an overview of processing algorithm, technical product content and format and main validation results.

With the advent of the golden era of scatterometry, with seven scatterometers currently operating in orbit and a few others to be launched in the near future, a wide variety of scientific and operational applications will certainly benefit from consolidated wind retrieval procedures. In particular, an important component of the scatterometer wind processing is the quality control (QC) procedure. Over the last two decades, several QC indicators have been developed for C-band and Ku-band scatterometers, and used in the operational generation of sea surface wind products. Such indicators mostly aim at identifying and filtering retrieved wind quality degradation due to high wind variability and/or rain contamination effects. As such, the different QC indicators may be applied for different oceanographic and meteorological applications. The methods will be presented at the conference to motivate a discussion on their application-dependent use and come up with a consolidated view from the different user communities

How strong does the wind blow in a hurricane? This proves a question that is difficult to answer, but has farreaching consequences for satellite meteorology, weather forecasting and hurricane advisories. In the EUMETSAT CHEFS project, KNMI, ICM and IFREMER worked with international colleagues to address this question to prepare for the EPS-SG SCA scatterometer, which introduces C-band cross-polarization measurements to improve the detection of hurricane-force winds. To calibrate the diverse available satellite, airplane and model winds, in-situ wind speed references are needed. Unfortunately, these prove rather inconsistent in the wind speed range of 15 to 25 m/s, casting doubt on the higher winds too. Should we trust dropsondes at high and extreme winds or perhaps put more confidence in the moored buoy references? This dilemma will be presented to initiate a discussion with the international community gathered at IGARSS ‘21

Uncertainties in wind inversion from scatterometer observations are contributed by system and geophysical noise. In practice, both can be quantified by the indicators applied in the quality control (QC) procedures during wind processing. In this research, the underlying principles of three reported indicators, MLE, SE and Joss, are discussed for CSCAT. In the observation scenes of this Ku-band scatterometer, one of the major reasons for geophysical noise are rain clouds, which are analyzed specifically with respect to those indicators. Finally, examples for super typhoon Lekima, followed by Krosa in 2019, are discussed. We confirm that the MLE and Joss indicators are relatively independent from each other, and show different features in rain screening. The combined application of them would result in a better result of rain labelling. Another conclusion derived from this research is that SE and Joss are similar indicators of spatial heterogeneity in scatterometer wind fields, but that the wind speed depression measured by Joss is a more unique indicator of rain than SE. This research contributes to improving the quality of wind retrieval from scatterometers.

[ES] La borrasca o tormenta Gloria, que nació el 17 de enero de 2020 en el Atlántico Norte como una pequeña perturbación, tuvo un importante impacto sobre las Islas Balears y todo el litoral levantino de la Península Ibérica, entre Cap de Creus y Cap de la Nau. Entre el 19 y 24 de enero, toda la parte oriental de la Península Ibérica experimentó fuertes precipitaciones (valores máximos de más de 400 litros/m2), y a lo largo de toda la costa levantina se sucedieron fuertes vientos (valores medios de 15 m/s y rachas de hasta 36 m/s), una notable subida en el nivel del mar (hasta más de 0.6 m), fuertes corrientes (valores máximos por encima de 0.8 m/s) y oleaje extremo (altura significante máxima alrededor de 8 m). Todo ello impactó severamente en la costa, con un retroceso significativo de las playas, particularmente aquellas abiertas hacia el este y noreste. También se produjeron notables fenómenos de inundación que afectaron a estructuras costeras y formaciones naturales, muy especialmente, al Delta del Ebre. [...] [CAT] Resum sobre la Formació i Conseqüències de la Borrasca Glòria (19-24 gener 2020). La borrasca o tempesta Glòria, que va néixer el 17 de gener de 2020 a l\'Atlàntic Nord com una petita pertorbació, va tenir un important impacte sobre les Illes Balears i tot el litoral llevantí de la Península Ibèrica, entre el Cap de Creus i el Cap de la Nao. Del 19 al 24 de gener, tota la part oriental de la Península Ibèrica va experimentar fortes precipitacions (valors màxims de més de 400 litres/m²), i al llarg de tota la costa llevantina van bufar forts vents (amb valors mitjans de 15 m/s i ratxes de fins a 36 m/s), es va produir un notable increment en el nivell de la mar (fins a més de 0,6 m), forts corrents (amb valors màxims per sobre de 0,8 m/s) i onatge extrem (altura significant màxima al voltant dels 8 m). Tot això va impactar severament la costa, on les platges van experimentar una reculada significativa, particularment les obertes amb orientació est i nord-est. També va causar notables inundacions que van afectar tant estructures costaneres com formacions naturals, molt especialment, el Delta del Ebre. [...]

Accurate high-resolution QuikSCAT-derived winds with dense coastal sam-pling are strategic for both scientific and civil applications. The implementa-tion of the QuikSCAT Spatial Response Function (SRF) analytical model andits parameterized version by means of a pre-computed look-up-table (LUT)provided by the Brigham Young University are described. The procedure forthe computation of the Land Contribution Ratio (LCR) index has been alsoimplemented. An optimized use of a high-spatial-resolution Land-Sea Mask(LSM) is described. Finally, an LCR-based procedure for the correction ofthe backscattered normalized radar cross section (σ0) has been implemented.Both analytical and LUT-derived SRF versions have been visually validated,together with the derived LCR indexes. The distribution of the coastalσ0scorresponding to a coastal test area of the Gulf of Taranto, in the southof Italy has been discussed. The main outcomes of this study show thatthe thorough characterization and exploitation of the full resolutionσ0noiseproperties is fundamental for the success of the wind field retrieval close tothe coast. Finally, future developments of the coastal processor are proposed.Most of these developments will be carried-out in the context of a recentlyapproved EUMETSAT Visiting Science Activity (VSA).

Rain is known to be the most significant phenomenon in degrading the Ku-band scatterometer wind quality. After the decommission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration scatterometer (NSCAT), little work has been done in characterizing the impact of rain on Ku-band fan beam scatterometer. In this paper, the rain impact on the backscatter measurements as well as the retrieved wind quality of the China-France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) scatterometer (CSCAT) is investigated using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) winds and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission’s Microwave Imager (GMI) rain data as reference. The dependence of rain effects on the observing incidence angle is studied with the objective to optimize the configurations of wind inversion and quality control (QC). It is shown that the backscatter measurements at low incidence angles (~30º) are much less affected by rain than those at higher incidence angles. The operational CSCAT processing proves to be effective in screening rain-contaminated wind vectors but at the expense of many valuable winds. An adapted wind inversion scheme is proposed to further improve the CSCAT wind quality under rainy conditions.

Global information on the motion near the ocean surface is generally lacking, limiting the physical modelling capabilities of the forcing of the world´s water surfaces by the atmosphere (Belmonte and Stoffelen, 2019). This also limits our knowledge of the exchange of momentum across the ocean‐atmosphere interface, affecting meteorological and ocean applications (Trindade et al., 2019). A particularly pressing requirement in the Ocean Surface Vector Wind (OSVW) community is to obtain reliable extreme winds in hurricanes (> 30 m s‐1) from wind scatterometers, since extreme wind, storm surge and wave forecasts for societal warning are a high priority in nowcasting as well as in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)

Unaffected by the atmospheric conditions and solar illumination, L-band emission and scattering are sensitive to vegetation water content and can be used to estimate crop yield. However, for rice which has an inundated period during its growing cycle, the current methods do not work due to the water under the crops. In this paper, we propose to use Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) signals to find how the water in rice field influence vegetation optical depth (VOD) which had been recently used to estimate the crop yield. SM and VOD in Thailand rice fields are compared to signal to noise ratio (SNR) from CYGNSS. Good correlation among them has been found. Results indicate that GNSS-R signals can be used to flag the presence of water and develop an adapted VOD algorithm that can be used to improve the estimation of rice yields.

The authors regret that in page 274 of the pdf file (Section 3.5) it appears the following text. The equation should be modified adding the red expression in it; the numbers in red in the text should replace the numbers that appear in the current pdf. [...]

This paper presents an assessment of the effects of specular point (SP) estimation inaccuracies on the Signal to Noise Ratio peak (SNRPEAK) used for ocean wind speed retrievals from TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) Delay Doppler Maps (DDMs). Results show that the more inaccurate the estimated Doppler frequency at the SP, the lower the intensity of the SNRPEAK. Differences may be up to 2 dB.

A Technology Development, Infusion, and an interleaved joint cal/val opportunity plan is described for the VLBI GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (VGOS), and Earth Science satellite missions that measure water vapor such as Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory that covers the Earth from 65°S to 65°N. The Jason Continuity of Service (Jason-CS) mission that will extend global sea-level records to 2030 and beyond is also a beneficiary and potential partner. The Space Geodesy Project (SGP) technique known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is already deployed worldwide, and there are technology returns on investment to be gained by looking at the water vapor (wet) delay calibration in a 5year plan that serves to improve atmospheric models for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), Jason-CS, and the higher spatial resolution International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), a primary mission of SGP.

The sea surface winds from the CFOSAT scatterometer (CFOSCAT) are retrieved using the maximum likelihood estimator, and the inversion residual is used to sort the good-quality winds from the poor-quality ones. A twodimensional variational analysis ambiguity removal (2DVAR) scheme is then applied over the CFOSCAT swath such that a unique wind field is selected from the available local scatterometer wind vector ambiguities. The preliminary results of CFOSCAT Level 2 (L2) processing show that the retrieved wind speed is overestimated under low-wind conditions (w < 4 m/s), and is underestimated at high wind conditions (w > 15 m/s). Moreover, the inversion residual for the sweet swath (where there are more than 10 views) is generally higher than that for the nadir/outer swath. These imply that observations with different geometries (views) at the same WVC are inconsistent with respect to the geophysical model function, and thus a comprehensive calibration is highly demanded. A more detailed assessment of the CFOSCAT wind quality will be carried out after calibration and validation campaign.

The quality of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) maps has been noticeably improved in the last two years, in particular those produced at the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC). However, the BEC SSS maps are still affected by a latitudinal and seasonal bias. In this work, we comprehensively characterize the residual latitudinal and seasonal biases, which are used to correct de retrieved SSS, leading to a new generation of higher-quality SSS maps. The shape and regularity of this bias suggests that the effect, which produces this error, is not a poor characterization of the galaxy, some residual Total Electron Content (TEC) effect, or a poor characterization of the systematic Sea Surface Temperature (SST) effects on the SSS retrieval. It appears to be related to a geometrical effect associated to the relative position between the SMOS antenna, the Sun and the Earth.

Global Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Level 3 (L3) soil moisture (SM) products are being routinely distributed by the Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC). The quality and accuracy of these SM products have been demonstrated not only by direct validation, but also by its adoption in a wide range of applications. Recently, changes in SMOS Level 2 (L2) SM have led to the reprocessing of the BEC SMOS L3 SM. As in previous versions, a filtering and a weighted binning based on the uncertainty of the SM retrievals by means of the Data Quality Index (DQX) was applied for the L3 production. However, the DQX was modified in the latest L2 release (v650), which could possibly have an influence in the performance of the derived products. This study assesses the impact of the current DQXbased BEC L3 SM quality filtering and binning approach and the possibility of using an alternative strategy based on the chi-squared (χ2 ) parameter, which is defined as the cost function of the retrieval. The study is performed over continental USA using in situ SM from the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) as a benchmark. In both approaches, similar results were obtained in terms of correlation and unbiased root mean square difference (ubRMSD). Nevertheless, the χ2 -based L3 SM is in general slightly wetter and has a lower dry bias than the DQX-based L3 SM. Further assessments will be performed to stablish the optimal filtering/binning of BEC SMOS L3 SM products.

Aproximadamente el 71% de la superficie del planeta está cubierta por océanos y mares que se encuentran interconectados. A pesar de su importancia, aún desconocemos muchos de los procesos físicos y biogeoquímicos de los océanos y su papel regulador sobre los ecosistemas marinos y terrestres. El objetivo de este capítulo es proporcionar una introducción muchos de los procesos físicos y biogeoquímicos de los océanos, con el énfasis puesto en su capacidad reguladora del ecosistema planetario, en lo que acostumbramos a llamar el estado termodinámico, o clima, de nuestro Planeta. En primer lugar describiremos las principales características de las variables físicas y biogeoquímicas que caracterizan al medio marino, con especial atención a la circulación oceánica y nivel medio del mar, así como a su temperatura, salinidad y nutrientes inorgánicos. A continuación nos centraremos en una de estas propiedades, el carbono, de interés muy especial para comprender el estado actual y posible evolución futura del clima de la Tierra. Concluiremos con unas reflexiones generales sobre la relevancia planetaria de los flujos y transformaciones de masa, energía y vida, y cómo estos flujos están siendo afectados por la actividad humana.

We present the historical development of the nutrient stream concept, from the initial ideas on the nutrient‐bearing stratum and the transport of inorganic nutrients by the Gulf Stream to the large‐scale inorganic and organic connections in the entire Atlantic Ocean. We mostly analyze and discuss available literature but also present some novel calculations using cruise data and the velocity fields from numerical re‐analysis data. We first examine and discuss the structure of the Gulf Nutrient Stream, the significance of boundary exchange, and the importance of epipycnal and diapycnal processes. We then move to explore the subtropical and remote pathways into the Gulf Nutrient Stream, including the effect of the returning limb of the global overturning circulation, and end up reviewing the concept of nutrient irrigation of the subpolar gyre and its relevance in the spring–fall maintenance of the spring bloom. We close the chapter with some thoughts on the role of streams in the Earth system, as the key conduit for recycling properties within any ocean subsystem while simultaneously connecting the different subsystems, hence bringing about the complexity of the living planet.

Recent developments on the wind geophysical model function (GMF) of Ku-band scatterometers include a sea surface temperature (SST) dependent term. It has been found that the SST effects on the radar backscatter are wind speed dependent and more pronounced in vertical polarization (VV) than in horizontal polarisation (HH) at higher incidence angles, and are mainly relevant at Ku radar wavelengths rather than at C-band. The new Ku-band GMF, NSCAT-5, was initially based on a physical model and RapidScat radar backscatter measurements, which are only available at two incidence angles, i.e., 48.8⁰ and 55.2⁰, for HH and VV beams, respectively. A more recent CDOP-2 AS study (OSI_AVS_17_01) confirms only small differences when verifying the NSCAT-5 GMF at similar incidence angles, using data from the recently-launched Indian SCATSat-1, which operates at 49.1⁰ (HH) and 57.9⁰ (VV) incidence angle. In order to further consolidate the NSCAT-5 GMF, the current study looks for quality control (QC) dependencies. It is found that indeed, the developed GMF is not particularly sensitive to different QC thresholds. Finally, an improved QC method, based on the successful experience with previous Ku-band rotating pencil-beam scatterometers, is developed for SCATSat-1 data.

With great interest we welcome the NSOAS HY-2Bscatterometer, which favorably complements the METOP Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the ISRO OceanSat-3 and ScatSat and Chinese-French Ocean Satellite (CFOSAT) scatterometers. Altogether, the international meteorological and oceanographic communities could expect to benefit of wind coverage from this virtual constellation ataround6:00, 7:00, 8:30, 9:30, 12:00, 18:00, 19:00, 20:30 21:30 and 24:00 Local Solar Time (LST), which is very useful for regional and coastal applications, but also for small-scale weather tracking, such as hurricanes, moist convection, and ocean forcing globally (Stoffelen et al., 2019). [...]

In this study, the azimuth cut-off approach, which is typically adopted to estimate wind speed from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery collected under nominal wind conditions, is discussed with respect to high wind regime cases. First, the key roles played by the pixel spacing, the size of the boxes used to partition the SAR imagery and the image texture (homogeneity) are discussed in terms of their effects on the azimuth cut-off (λc) estimation. Then, the reliability of the λc estimation is analyzed by measuring the distance between the measured and fitted autocorrelation functions (ACFs). This analysis shows that it is of paramount importance to filter unfeasible/unreliable λc values. To identify those values in an objective way a criterion is proposed that is based on the χ2 test performed over a large dataset of Sentinel-1 SAR imagery. The effectiveness of the χ2 test is verified by correlating the accepted estimates against auxiliary significant wave height data.

The impact of specular point location estimate inaccuracies on satellite delay-Doppler map (DDM) observed distortions is assessed in this paper. A set of raw reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-R) echoes acquired by the satellite constellation Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) during hurricanes Irma and Harvey has been recompressed by progressively reducing the Doppler frequency inaccuracy at the specular point. The results show that recompressing raw echoes with highly accurate specular point location estimates strongly reduces the DDM distortions.

The monitoring of the global distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) is vital to understand the ocean’s role in the Earth’s climate. Until the advent of the spaceborne L-band radiometers, SSS observations were mainly acquired by in-situ sensors (moored buoys, drifters, and thermosalinographs). As a result, knowledge of the spatial and temporal variability of salinity has been scarce due to the lack of a comprehensive set of salinity observations. While in-situ data (e.g., Argo floats) were being used in a growing number of studies, numerical models were also widely used as a complementary source of such information. The spatiotemporal resolution achieved by satellite salinity measurements has no equivalent among the other existing salinity observations systems. Since the launch of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission (2009) and then the Aquarius mission (2001), more than seven years of satellite-derived SSS data, with a spatial and temporal resolution adequate for climate and ocean general circulation studies, have become available. The L-band radiometers onboard SMOS and Aquarius have proven to be challenging and various spatial and temporal averaging and data fusion techniques have been implemented to better recover structured and meaningful geophysical information from remote sensing SSS retrievals. A comprehensive validation is therefore essential to characterize the information provided by the different salinity products.

Work Package (WP) 5000 uses the knowledge acquired in previous TGSCATT WPs to consolidate, validate and document the Level-1 to Level-2 inversion algorithms for TDS-1. Validation entails the development of extended TDS-1 matchup datasets with new independent measurements to validate the performance of the inversion algorithms over a wide range of conditions. The task should result in documentation of the TDS-1 Level 2 inversion algorithms in the form of Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBD). Over the course of the TGSCATT project, a new Level 2 SGR-ReSI wind dataset, using the so-called Calibrated Bistatic Radar Equation (CBRE) approach [1], has been made available to the team. Such wind dataset addresses several systematic and random errors present in earlier SGR-ReSI data versions and is therefore of high interest to the project. As such, WP5000 has been somewhat redefined and is now focused on the objective validation of the new wind dataset.

Recent developments on the wind geophysical model function (GMF) of Ku-band scatterometers include a sea surface temperature (SST) dependent term. It has been found that the SST effects on the radar backscatter are wind speed dependent and more pronounced in vertical polarization (VV) than in horizontal polarisation (HH) at higher incidence angles, and are mainly relevant at radar wavelengths smaller than C-band. The new Ku-band GMF, NSCAT-5, is developed based on a physical model and RapidScat radar backscatter measurements, which are only available at two incidence angles, i.e., 48.8⁰ and 55.2⁰, for HH and VV beams, respectively. The objective of this paper is to verify the NSCAT-5 GMF at similar incidence angles, using data from the scatterometer onboard Indian SCATSat-1 satellite, which operates at 49.1⁰ (HH) and 57.9⁰ (VV) incidence angles. First, the SCATSat-1 backscatter sensitivity to sea surface wind and SST is assessed using the C-band Advance Scatterometer (ASCAT) winds as reference. Second, the approach used to derive the NSCAT-5 GMF for RapidScat is adapted to derive a SST-dependent GMF for SCATSat-1. The new GMF will be used to consolidate the current NSCAT-5 model, and then evaluated for SCATSat-1 wind retrieval.

The functionality available on modern ‘smartphone’ mobile devices, along with mobile application software and access to the mobile web, have opened up a wide range of ways for volunteers to participate in environmental and biodiversity research by contributing wildlife and environmental observations, geospatial information, and other context-specific and time-bound data. This has brought about an increasing number of mobile phone based citizen science projects that are designed to access these device features (such as the camera, the microphone, and GPS location data), as well as to reach different user groups, over different project durations, and with different aims and goals. In this chapter we outline a number of key considerations when designing and developing mobile applications for citizen science, with regard to (1) interoperability and data standards, (2) participant centred design and agile development, (3) user interface & user experience design, and (4) motivational factors for participation.

After more than eight years of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) aquisitions, an empirical characterization of the biases and the computation of an effective brightness temperature uncertainty is possible. In this work we show that both parameters strongly depend on the geographical location of the acquisition. Metrics based on the differences between expected and theoretical values of the bias and uncertainty are developed and used for a quantitative assessment of the locations where SMOS errors are currently being worse characterized. This characterization can be used for the definition of an empirical bias correction and a more accurate cost function which are expected to provide a better SMOS SSS product.

Desde el invierno de 2013, no se han observado episodios relevantes de formación de aguas profundas en el Mediterráneo Occidental. Ello podría estar relacionado con la suavidad de estos últimos inviernos. No obstante, en 2018 sí ha habido episodios fríos importantes para producir aguas densas, pero no suficientes como para lograr cantidades significativas de nueva agua profunda. En la presente comunicación se plantea la posibilidad de que desde el agotamiento del agua profunda anterior al 2005 en toda la cuenca, en 2015 como más tarde, la formación de nueva agua profunda requiera unas pérdidas de calor latente superiores a las necesarias anteriormente. Este requerimiento, junto a la tendencia global al calentamiento podría causar un debilitamiento de la circulación termohalina mediterránea, con diversas consecuencias a escala regional y global. Entre ellas, una disminución de los intercambios de agua con el Océano y de los niveles de oxígeno en aguas profundas.

Typhoon is one of the most powerful and destructive natural disasters. Accurate forecasting of Typhoon track and intensity is very important to disaster prevention and reduction. Satellite observations can effectively compensate for the shortcomings of traditional methods of sea surface measurement and provide all-weather observation over the sea surface, which is of great significance to improve the numerical prediction of strong convective weather over ocean. The spaceborne radar observes the backscattering caused by the sea surface roughness, and then, the sea surface wind can be retrieved. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an important data source for sea surface monitoring. A variety of meteorological hydrological elements can be retrieved by SAR observation, and it has been used in data assimilation in recent years [1]. SAR imagery is also used to monitor strength and structure of typhoons [2]. The accuracy of sea surface winds retrieved from SAR has been found to be comparable to that of scatterometer data [3], and these wind fields can be used with a data assimilation system to provide the initial conditions for the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model [4]. In this study, a data assimilation scheme is proposed to assimilate the Sentinel-1 SAR retrieved winds in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Numerical simulation experiments of the typhoon Lionrock (2016) and hurricane Hermine (2016) are conducted to test and compare different data assimilation methods.

User friendly tools strongly influence the use of scientific measurements from marine observatory platforms. Nowadays, because of the huge amount of marine data, available in many different formats, automate methodologies are required to effectively reduce the human effort. This work presents oceanobs, an open-source Python package that provides a wide range of tools to analyze data from marine observatories, including procedures for feature extraction, quality control generation, filtering methods and content visualization. Here we present the philosophy of implementation of the package and we focus on the data Quality Control production.

It has recently been found that the visibility denormalization process introduces a spatial error distribution due to small sporadic offset jumps in the PMS detectors. The radiometric impact of this error at system level is very low. However, due to the good performance of the SMOS instrument, a study has recently been conducted to evaluate the amplitude of such visibility errors and develop a mitigation technique. The main results of this study are summarized in this presentation.

The main circulation patterns in the western Mediterranean are revisited and updated. The schemes are based on the previous literature, adapted and reviewed. The update concerns in particular the circulation at intermediate depths, exemplified by the Levantine Intermediate Water circulation, and includes deep water cascading and recent observations from drifting floats and mooring recordings.

The viability of any Citizen Science (CS) research program is absolutely conditioned to the engagement of the citizen. In a CS framework in which participants are expected to perform actions that can be later on validated, the incorporation of a reputation system can be a successful strategy to increase the overall data quality and the likelihood of engagement, and also to evaluate how close citizens fulfill the goals of the CS research program. Under the assumption that participant actions are validated using a simple discrete rating system, current reputation models, thoroughly applied in e-platform services, can be easily adapted to be used in CS frameworks. However, current reputation models implicitly assume that rated items and scored agents are the same entity, and this does not necessarily hold in a CS framework, where one may want to rate actions but score the participants generating it. We present a simple approach based on a Bayesian network representing the flow described above (user, action, validation), where participants are aggregated in a discrete set of user classes and we use the global evidence in the data base to estimate both the prior and the posterior distribution of the user classes. Afterwards, we evaluate the expertise of each participant by computing the user-class likelihood of the sequence of actions/validations observed for that user. As a proof of concept we implement our model in a real CS case, namely the Mosquito Alert project.

Air-sea fluxes are greatly enhanced by the winds and wind structures generated by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs). In contrast to global numerical weather prediction models, space-borne scatterometers are able to resolve the small-scale wind variability in and near MCSs. Heavy rain events (rain bursts) occurring in MCSs produce strong gusts and large divergence and curl in surface winds. In this report wind fields from the ASCAT-A and ASCAT-B tandem mission, collocated with Meteosat Second Generation rain fields, were used to develop a methodology capable of identifying and quantifying correlations between wind and rain. Categories of wind divergence, wind stress divergence, and rainfall intensity were defined and a spatial neighbourhood spanning a 25km-by-25km block of WVCs was searched to identify coincidences of extreme rain and extreme convergence/divergence. This showed that when there is extreme rain, there is extreme convergence/ divergence in the vicinity. The coincidences were tabulated in 3-by-3 and 2-by-2 contingency tables from which cross-correlations were calculated for each time step in the collocation. The resulting response curves for extreme convergence and extreme divergence each had a well-defined peak. The time lag for the convergence peak was 30 minutes, implying that extreme rain generally appears after (lags) extreme convergence. The overall conclusion then is that the temporal scale of moist convection is determined by the slower updraft process. Results for wind divergence and wind stress were qualitatively similar, wind stress divergence showing the stronger response. This is probably due to its focus on high winds. The report also notes that extreme convergence/divergence are concentrated in spatial patches and recommends for further study to relate the spatial features with the statistics, and as a focus for studying the changes in the divergence fields between the ASCAT-A and ASCAT-B passes.

The assimilation of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) winds has proven to be beneficial for the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) system, particularly over the Tropics. In this study, several important aspects of the ASCAT data are addressed in order to further test and improve the impat of scatterometer wind data assimilation into ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). First, and improved wind quality control (QC) is proposed and used to remove unrepresentative ASCAT winds. Second, a new ASCAT wind product, more representative of the ECMWF model resolved scales, is produced by averaging the relatively-high resolution ASCAT wind vector cells to lowe resolution in an aggregation process. Two months of ASCAT low resolution data are then used to evaluate the impact of the refined QC and the aggregation technique on the IFS data assimilation.

Recent developments on the wind geophysical model function (GMF) of Ku-band scatterometers include a sea surface temperature (SST) dependent term. It has been found that the SST effects on the radar backscatter are wind speed dependent and more pronounced in vertical polarization (VV) than in horizontal polarisation (HH) at higher incidence angles, and are mainly relevant at radar wavelengths smaller than C-band. The new Ku-band GMF, NSCAT-5, is based on a physical model and RapidScat radar backscatter measurements, which are only available at two incidence angles, i.e., 48.8⁰ and 55.2⁰, for HH and VV beams, respectively. The aim of this study is to perform a preliminary verification of the NSCAT-5 GMF at similar incidence angles, using data from the recently-launched Indian SCATSat-1, which operates at 49.1⁰ (HH) and 57.9⁰ (VV) incidence angle. A more comprehensive validation will be carried out later in 2017, as part of a follow-on CDOP-3 VSA activity, including a more recent calibration version (1.2.3) and so-called stressequivalent winds.

A new debiased non-Bayesian methodology has demonstrated to be very effective for the retrieval of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) from brightness temperature (TB) measured by Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) interferometric radiometer. Applying this methodology it is possible to retrieve SSS values in marginal seas or cold waters where the operational retrieval does not. Another important improvement is the possibility of defining a SMOS-based climatology to characterize spatial biases. Recently, using data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, JPL has started to produce a new 9-km resolution TB product. The existence of such product offers the possibility of increasing the spatial resolution and quality of the mentioned SMOS SSS product using fusion techniques. The aim of this work is to produce high resolution SSS maps in marginal seas derived from the fusion of SMAP 9- km TB and SMOS non-Bayesian debiased SSS products.

ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has been in orbit for over 7 years, with its Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) functioning well. This 7 year period has provided a wealth of information which has enabled us to understand and consolidate the performance of the payload in great detail. More importantly, we know now the things that work well, those that need improvement, and how the instrument could be enhanced if we were to build it again. This paper presents the lessons learnt from SMOS after 7 years in orbit.

The impact of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a very serious problem for spaceborne microwave radiometry. Many Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) images show serious contamination by the RFI. SMOS is even more impacted by the RFI than real aperture case because the grating lobes are usually higher in Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radiometer (SAIR) compared to real aperture one. RFI effects should properly be mitigated or filtered out to retrieve the geophysical parameters from SMOS measurements. This work presents a feasibility study of RFI mitigation/filtering for SAIRs. Instead of dealing with brightness temperature image directly, RFI filtering of the subspace of covariance matrix is introduced.

TheCapeVerde(CV)Basinisthesiteoffrontsandcurrentsthatfunction as both barriers and connectors between the tropical and subtropical oceans. Here we review former studies and analyze historical, satellite and numerical data in order to portray the oceanography of the CV Basin, with emphasis on its eastern boundary— the Mauritania Slope (MS) Ocean. This is complemented with the analysis of novel hydrographic data from the continental slope. The CV Basin is a dynamic region, forced by seasonally varying winds that drive both coastal and offshore upwelling, the latter linked to the Guinea Dome. Its circulation is controlled by the seasonally changing Dome to the south and southwest, with associated cyclonic currents, and by the CV frontal system to the north, with along-slope flow convergence and offshore export. The MS Ocean is the site of the Poleward Undercurrent, undistin- guishable from the offshore Mauritania Current during winter–spring. The pre- dominant thermocline water–mass is the nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water, almost pure in upper layers (100–300 m)—providing for the high primary produc- tion in the entire region—and with substantial North–Atlantic contribution in its lower part (300–550 m)—in what constitutes the poorly–ventilated low oxygen minimum zone; nutrient concentrations keep increasing with depth until the core of the Antarctic Intermediate Waters (700–800 m). The CV Basin holds both the highest primary production and lowest oxygen concentrations for the entire tropical

Human activities in continental margins have progressively increased during the last decades, threatening vulnerable marine ecosystems in many conti- nental slopes, such as cold-water coral reefs, seamounts and canyons. In order to protect these ecosystems and ensure the sustainable management of resources, countries and organizations should endorse effective policy actions. However, nowadays about only 0.8% of the oceans and 6% of the territorial seas belong to conservation area systems, a lack of protection that is particularly acute in deep-sea waters. The Mauritanian continental margin is the outcome of exceptional marine features, with abrupt canyon systems, sediment slides and a giant carbonate-mounds barrier occurring together. Mauritanian waters have both tropical and subtropical origins, being affected by coastal and offshore upwelling that leads to elevated productivity and abundant fishery resources. Soft-bottom habitats hold high diversity of species, and hard-bottoms sustain assemblages of suspension- feeders and vulnerable species. Nevertheless, despite the recent increase of ex- tractive activities, the location and characterization of those Mauritanian deep-water areas of biological or ecological interest that require protection remain poorly known. The Maurit surveys have offered the opportunity to perform a first approach to the biodiversity and ecosystems in soft and hard bottoms of the Mauritanian outer shelf and slope. This last chapter provides an integrated overview of the demersal and benthic communities inhabiting Mauritanian deep waters and describes areas of particular ecological and/or biological interest that are vulnerable habitats and should be preserved according to international conventions.

It has recently been demonstrated that boresight averaged Faraday rotation angle (FRA) can be retrieved directly from SMOS full-pol radiometric data. However, in order to extend FRA retrievals to the full Alias-Free Field of View (AF-FoV), SMOS relatively poor pixel radiometric sensitivity and accuracy must be compensated by spatial and temporal averaging. This requires some kind of tradeoff to constrain systematic FRA estimation bias both within SMOS AF-FoV and along the orbit. This work presents the first results given by a SMOS end-to-end FRA simulator, currently under development, that is used to trim and assess the performance of several FRA retrieval approaches.

Local systematic differences between scatterometer and global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model stress equivalent winds (SEW) are due to unresolved geophysical processes by the model, e.g., ocean currents and moist convection. A scatterometer-based correction,which contains the mesoscale information present in the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) observations, sets the grounds for a high-resolution ocean forcing product. To assess the effectiveness of such correction, a Monte Carlo simulation procedure is applied to NWP SEW. It allows for a thorough evaluation of the NWP error reduction, which depends on the scatterometer sampling. The local NWP biases are reduced at the cost of a somewhat increased variance, and the total error mitigation is constrained to regions covered by the scatterometer at least 3 times over 5 days. Despite the limited sampling in the tropics, the real NWP corrected SEW over the West African coast show areas of increased wind variability associated to moist convection.